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Theodorus Johannes "Dirk" Graswinckel〔Dirck or Theodor Graswinckel or Graswinkel, Theodorus Graswinckelius.〕 (1 October 1600 (or 1601) -12 October 1666〔''GRASWINCKEL, Dirk (Theodorus) Johannes'' in (Correspondence of Descartes: 1643 ), pp 263-266.〕) was a Dutch jurist, a significant writer on the freedom of the seas. He was a controversialist, who also rose to a high legal position (Fiscal of Holland) where he advised Descartes.〔Desmon M. Clarke, Descartes: A biography (2006), p. 243.〕 He was a cousin and pupil of Grotius.〔http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Diplomacy_and_the_Study_of_International_Relations〕 He was also a poet and translator of Thomas à Kempis.〔(A. W. G. Raath and J. J. Henning, ''Political Covenantalism, sovereignty and the obligatory nature of law: Ulrich Huber's Discourse on state authority and democratic universalism'' (PDF) ), note 57 on p. 8.〕 ==Life== He was born in Delft, and studied at the University of Leiden. He joined Grotius in Paris in 1624, and later defended him against Johannes a Felden (John De Felde). ''Libertas Veneta'' (1634) replied to the anonymous anti-Venetian pamphlet ''Squitinio della liberti veneta'' (1612). It is in effect also an answer to a work on maritime law by William Welwod. ''Maris liberi vindiciae'' attacked Burgus (Pietro Battista Borgo) writing for Genoese pretensions in the Ligurian Sea,〔Jan Hendrik Willem Verzijl, Wybo P. Heere, J. P. S. Offerhaus, International Law in Historical Perspective: Nationality and other matters relating to individuals (1968), p. 12.〕〔Burgus, De dominio Serenissimae Genuensis Reipublicae in mari Ligustico, Roma, Domenico Marciano, 1641.〕 but also took on John Selden on the British claim to territorial waters.〔R. P. Anand, Law of the Sea: Caracas and Beyond : Developments in International Law (1983), p. 108.〕 Selden’s Mare Clausum had been published in an English translation in 1652, and he replied the following year with ''Ioannis Seldeni vindiciae secundum integritatem existimationis suae''. In fact Graswinckel had sent Selden a detailed critique in manuscript in 1635.〔Richard Tuck, ''Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development'' (1981), p. 89.〕 In 1651 he published a work ''Placcaten, ordonnantien ende reglementen'' on the economics of regulation of the grain trade. This came down largely on the side of free trade and the price mechanism.〔Henry W. De Jong, William G. Shepherd, ''Pioneers of Industrial Organization: How the Economics of Competition and Monopoly Took Shape'' (2007), pp. 21-2.〕 Joseph Schumpeter argued that this was the first clear-cut statement that speculators had a role in the stability of commodity markets.〔John Barkley Rosser, ''From Catastrophe to Chaos: A General Theory of Economic Discontinuities'' (2000), p. 106.〕 He died in Mechelen. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dirk Graswinckel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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